What Life is Like Living With Depression and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1255 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Tags: Anxiety Essay Depression Essay Did you like this example? As many years go by, depression and anxiety have truly reached the surface than it did back in the 1950s. We are all so exposed to a whole lot more in this generation and traumatized by events, or sadly, are simply born with either one or both of these mental health disorders. While there can be many causes of both depression and anxiety, lets dive into the most common causes of these two mental illnesses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Life is Like Living With Depression and Anxiety?" essay for you Create order Beginning with depression, although there are various reasons, the most common causes are traumas, chemical imbalances or drugs. People who have witnessed or was a victim of a traumatizing event, could affect their whole life causing many flashbacks and sadness. A chemical imbalance is when there are not enough or more than enough of a chemical in your brain titled neurotransmitters. This can be treated with the right medications which takes about four to six weeks to get going and begin doing some justice to your mentality. Lastly, drugs can play a big role causing this feeling, but there is no certain drug exactly that causes depression because it is almost impossible to list the amount of drugs that is capable of doing so. The continuance and discontinuance of drugs may cause various symptoms of depression. Anxiety has many different common causes like the environmental aspects of someones life, genetics or withdrawal. Living in an environment that is toxic, unsafe or unorganized, can cause many people anxiety. This disorder may be simply passed down from generation to generation but some are most likely to be exposed to it with the right trigger. Due to medications being given by doctors to help yourself and the problems you may have, the misuse of medication, side effects or taking them only when necessary could have a huge toll on your body and very rarely, depending on the medication, cause anxiety. As stated before in the last paragraph, a chemical imbalance and the withdrawal of drugs or alcohol can cause anxiety as well. Moving onto the different types of depression, there are various amounts of names diagnosed to different people, but only some will be addressed. Major depressive disorder, well known as clinical depression, is often diagnosed when people are feeling depressed most of the time, have lack of concentration, thinking about death or possibly even suicide, lack of appetite or too much appetite, no energy, or when your routine in sleeping has changed drastically. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that affects either your emotions or body, physically. Some symptoms may include insomnia, body aches or pain, anxiety, unable to keep organized or make decisions, and even feeling incompetent. This disorder has a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide. Seasonal affective disorder usually only occurs when the weather changes in a certain season. While the weather makes its changes, people experience changes too, in weight, sleep and emotion. This is caused because there is a disruption in the normal circadian rhythm that occurs in your body. Depending on the amount of light that is able to enter the eye, this is known to impact the pattern in the body. There are several more undiscussed types of depression, these are the most common. Anxiety also has various names and different types of ways on how it appears. Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed when a person is feeling anxious over many things or for no reason, more than five to six days of the week, for over six months. People are usually worried about school, work, family or friends but GAD disturbs how people act and think about everything. A lot of people who are affected by this, worry more about things than necessary. For example, some may see washing the dishes as an easy task, but it is much more stressful and harder to perform when you have generalized anxiety disorder because it begins to consume your brain and body with anxiousness and an uneasy feeling. Social Anxiety is another familiar type that makes many panic when thinking about humiliation, being talked about, speaking out loud to one or many people, and can prevent others from being out in public most of the time. For some, getting out of bed and going out during the day is a huge accomp lishment due to how inferior the anxiety gets. Although many people may get nervous when speaking in front of others, this can keep them remaining at home more days than being out accomplishing everyday responsibilities. Panic disorder is very different and more extreme than most of the different types of anxiety. A person who encounters this, are unable to control this feeling which could lead to bad chest pains, muscle tensions, shaking, weakness, headaches, and shortness of breath. This is often compared to a feeling of a heart attack or as if they are about to die. Lets continue on with the one huge affect that depression and anxiety can bring, which is suicidal thoughts and suicide. There are several symptoms leading up to risks of suicide. When a person is at risk of suicide, they often push everyone out of their lives or lose their relationships with others, has been abused mentally physically or emotionally, suffering or suffered with bullying, if you have been having suicidal thoughts or know of someone who has committed suicide, or the use of drugs and large amounts of alcohol. Suicidal thoughts are often used in this generation as a joke, but some do not know what others around them are capable of doing or think it wont have any effect on anyone else. When people speak about their thoughts of suicide or thinks about ways to do it openly, never brush it off. Often many who think about suicide, divide themselves from everyone and wants to be left alone. Turning to alcohol or drugs to make themselves feel better or feel nothing, can have many impressions of attempting suicide once they are no longer using such things, as well as buying items to prepare for death. If you or anyone witness or are a victim someone who has attempted the following in the paragraph above, there are many ways to help prevent something like this from transpiring. Over 800,000 people a year die a year from suicide and over 1,000,000 attempt suicide worldwide. To prevent such from happening, there are many precautions you can take. Removing all guns, pills, drugs or any item that can be used to harm yourself should be removed immediately. There are a number of online chats or phone numbers you can use to reach out to others for help, this includes allowing them to help you and listening to what theyre saying to use in the future. Although there are many reasons that these two things can occur, there are several ways to help treat it. Starting off with the most common and helpful, therapy. Therapy can be used in two ways, either physically or mentally. Physical therapy is used to help treat injuries and get you back on your feet to be physically healthy as for mental therapy is for thoughts, feelings and helps to treat mental health disorders. While attending these appointments, people are able to master mechanisms to guide yourself into the right direction of getting healthier. All of the mechanisms they teach you work differently for different people. For example, for calming an anxiety attack, someone may think about car rides, feeling the breeze, the music, the sound of the car, staring at the moon as for someone else may.

John Stuart Mill, An English Philosopher And A Political...

John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher and a political economist, had an important part in forming liberal thought in the 19th century. Mill published his best-known work, _On Liberty,_ in 1859. This foundational book discusses the concept of liberty. It talks about the nature and the limits of the power performed by society over an individual. The book also deals with the freedom of people to engage in whatever they wish as long as it does not harm other persons. In _On Liberty,_ Mill employs a combination of formal and informal tones by developing complex ideas through many levels of meanings in form of clear expressions. Mill s use of contrasting metaphors in the paragraphs about the way human beings should develop shows both kinds of tone. The author also employs the figurative language to appeal to his intended audience, both the specialists and non-specialists in philosophy. Mill writes this argument to appeal to the audience who entirely agrees with him. He approaches his thesis by attacking the conservatives as well as the misguided progressives. He refutes any possible opposite idea to his thesis. Mill uses the phrases such as no one s idea, no one should assert, it would be absurd, nobody denies in order to confirm the accuracy of what he talks about and show that no other way of thinking can be accurate. Mill purposely uses these literary techniques because he writes for people who agree with him, otherwise, he would make his audience feel uneasy, orShow MoreRelatedJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. John Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stua rt Mill were both very intelligent as young children. 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Positioning Statement Free Essays

Positioning Statement According to the latest findings in individual report part one, our low-income target audiences have higher fast food consumption than those in high-income area. We know that poor lifestyle and fast food consumption increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with bowel cancer by 2.7 times. We will write a custom essay sample on Positioning Statement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Healthier lifestyle behaviours such as healthy eating, regular physical activity may reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and improve the life for patients living with bowel cancer, but the intention to change those health behaviours may vary depending on availabilities of resource, and time (Susan, M., Robert, W. 2018). We aim to use appropriate social marketing strategies and campaigns to provide more information and recommendations on how to minimize the risk of bowel cancer through improved lifestyle and early screening.Product design and platformBowel cancer screening kit is designed to check early signs of bowel cancer in our target audiences who do not have bowel cancer or do not have any obvious signs but have a higher risk of getting this disease. This innovative product brings significant benefit in bow cancer early detection. The simple screening instructions saves time and increases the chance of detecting bowel cancer at an early stage, cancer mortality is decreased at the same time. The design principles of the screening kit provide simple, fast, cost effective and accurate diagnosis in bowel cancer. Over the years, our team created unique technological platforms that are used to design and develop products for early detection of different types of cancers. With shared characteristics, these range of products are derived from the same core technology and architecture. The bow cancer screening kit and companion products for other cancer are designed to help people to identify, manage and treat the disease (Markus A. Feufel1, Tamera R. S., and Hans J. B. 2010). Price In price setting, our team must take into account various factors (i.e., lack of insurance, transportation cost and cost of screening) in line with the benefit and value of our product to remain attractive to people. Pricing strategies to minimize an economic barrier for bowel cancer screening: Proving low cost or free screening service. Healthcare incentives and disincentives can be targeted at healthcare professionals and patients. This report target patients. Patient targeted incentives and disincentives can be monetary and nonmonetary. Monetary Incentives and Disincentives are behaviour changes result in a voucher, price, payment, or other financial rewards; Nonmonetary Incentives and Disincentives are behaviour changes result in enhanced quality of life or other non-financial benefits (Kim, S., University of Cambridge, Sheila, L., University of North Carolina, Jon, C., University of Minnesota). .Place/Distribution ChannelEmail is one of the most effective ways to communicate our campaign message to target audience and the community. Another alternative method involves community healthcare support works in distributing the screening kits, to provide information and education on bowel cancer to prospective participant.Distribute the kit through pharmacies throughout inner west of Sydney, each returned stool sample will be tested, and result will be notified to participants.Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory examined the relationship between environmental factors and diet behaviour. Healthy food access is the first step to improve the food environment by making healthy foods more assessable to low-income customers and limiting access to fast food restaurants. PromotionWe will hold a yearly Bowel Cancer Awareness Month campaign in encouraging our target audience to reduce junk food consumption, increase physical activity, promote other positive health behaviour, and encourage not yet screened people to be screened for bowel cancer. The key message for the public is:†Kit start to save your life!†Another message to our target audience: If you’re aged 16-30 from inner west of Sydney, you’ll receive a free bowel cancel screening kit For people have no signs or symptoms of bowel cancer Bowel cancer is curable if detected early Take the test early, don’t ignore it Cancer Council NSW, local council and businesses provide both financial support and educational resources for this campaign. We will invite a health professional as a guest speaker who is well-known in cancer care and practice to spread awareness message during the campaign, motivate and empower already screened participants to tell their stories and encourage other people to be screened. This campaign offers a unique opportunity for participant to interact with the guest speaker to raise awareness on bowel cancer risks its impact on people who are diagnosed with this disease in our community.Strategies that is actionable and understand the participants can be incorporated. Future cancer prevention and treatment methods must be communicated to the participants. A successful social marketing campaign, we need to make the audience feel involved and motivated without fear from start to finish. Traditional communication channels such as face to face communication could not reach as wide audience as non-traditional channels, it is an effective channel to form a personal connection with our target audience. Mass media such as face book is a non-traditional communication channel where a variety of risks are existing. Fear in mass media can affect people’s behaviour, people feel nervous, fearful and anxious when they are exposed by open media.There are serval factors that guiding our decisions including: post experiences, cognitive biases, cost, individual differences such as social status and age (Cindy, D. 2010) Creative strategiesSome studies suggest that how food in displayed in a store can increase sales. Place healthy vegetables and fruits to a place where they will sell faster, usually towards the front of the store. Encourage customers to buy healthy beverages by placing them in the refrigerator next to the milk and water. Healthy products such as whole meal wheat products below eye level.Form positive relations with the target audience to increase the value of healthier lifestyle behaviours including increased physical activity and heathier dietary choices.Make information available at local council or public places to educate the community on the advantage of early screening, healthy eating and impact on eating fast food. Propose or introduce junk food tax, restrict unhealthy food advertising as part of efforts to reduce fast food consumption, addressing raising risk of bowel cancer.Implement appropriate strategies and policies within the community to promote healthy life style, early screening and reduce bowel cancer. Encourage and motivate participants to take part in face to face communications to express their fear and anxiety before screening. Use small media such as newsletters and brochures to motivate and inform people to be screened. Provide training for healthcare professionals including individual targeted training and professional development workshops.Assist healthcare professionals with the knowledge, resources and systems to manage screening effectively. How to cite Positioning Statement, Papers

Opportunities & Problems of Social E-Commerce-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities Problems of Social E-Commerce. Answer: Introduction The rapid advancement in information and communication technologies as well as the distribution of networked data processing has led to extensive access to information resources as well as globalization regarding businesses, communications as well as services. The fundamental nature of e-commerce is consistent delivery of transaction in a dynamic environment that is having the involvement of people, processes as well as a service or business infrastructure. In simple terms, e-commerce or electronic commerce is associated with trading electronically. The advancement in information and communication technologies as well as the surfacing of the internet has revolutionized the activities for business to enable new means of conducting business described as e-commerce. Companies are accepting e-commerce as a way for accessing the international markets, improving the customer service, reduction of the costs as well as to do the enhancement of productivity as well as effectiveness. On the other hand, the plethora of advantages that e-commerce is offering in respect of transactional businesses has also gave rise to major concerns, particularly in respect of users privacy as well as security of information that is shared online. The major hindrances that are preventing the developing countries from leveraging the e-commerce solutions are deficiency of sufficient, secure, effective communication as well as banking infrastructure, technical expertise as well as processing of information regarding the economy as well as environment. Project Objective The major objective of this research is assessing the present practices, challenges as well as scopes of e-commerce. The particular objectives of this research are, To identify the availability of major scopes for the adoption as well as implementation of e-commerce. To identify the key challenges that are hindering the growth of e-commerce Project Scope The project scope is associated with the aspect of identifying the challenges as well as opportunities that will be having a positive impact on the organizational performance of companies that are interested in the adoption of e-commerce applications. It will also be providing a scope in respect of decision-makers as well as organizational managers for considering as well as evaluating the challenges as well as opportunities found in the current practices for undertaking pertinent remedial measures in respect of promoting the practices for e-commerce. Literature Review The development of internet gave rise to an electronic marketplace or in other words e-marketplace that is considered being the most important part of electronic commerce. Different types of economic transactions as well as purchase and sale of products and services, and exchange of information occurs in e-marketplaces. The opportunities regarding e-commerce will be comprising of e-business, integration of e-commerce, open and distance learning, e-commerce as well as e-insurance, economic concerns raised by e-commerce in respect of the developing nations as well as WTO, future media of e-commerce (Bilgihan 2014). Opportunities regarding E-Commerce E-business The overall business process gets influenced by the e-business as well as the value chains where it is operating. It does the enabling of a highly integrated collaboration level within the various elements of a value chain than it was earlier. Through the adoption of e-business it will also be allowing the organizations in reducing the expenses as well as improving the consumer response time. E-commerce is having an association with all the things that is related to an online transaction that ranges from ordering online through online delivery of paid content in respect of financial operations such as transferring money in the bank accounts. Within the financial services area, there are some positive signs in respect of e-commerce. It has also been found out that the price level in the e-marketplaces will get lowered by the overcoming of the spatial hurdles (Chen 2014). As because, e-marketplaces are having the ability for achieving economies of scale through the aggregation of disso lved demands, they permit the economy in having more diversities that were not having any existence prior to their materialization. E-commerce integration There will take place the addition of an e-commerce component to the course of business via the aspect of integrating the topics in relation to e-commerce into the upper-level business curriculum that is having an existence at present. The aspect of infusing e-commerce education into every course of business states that the development in technology will be influencing, in a significant manner every aspects of the present business scenario (Cunningham 2013). Towards offering support in assuring that every related business curriculum in respect of disciplines such as accounting, marketing, economics, information systems will be paying pertinent attention to the essential aspects in respect of e-commerce, it can be stated that there is the need to integrate specific e-commerce topics that is necessary to be integrated into the business curriculum that is existing. Open and Distance Learning With the expansion in the availability of the internet, there will occur an increase in the popularity of e-learning since computing devices get more reasonably priced and the shrinking of energy needs as well as form factors take place. E-learning will be becoming hugely accepted since the internet exposures as well as e-learning often start in the primary grades, as a result making increased number of students in having the familiarity as well as ease regarding online learning (Fernie 2014). As a matter of fact, in respect of various countries, distance education is being considered to be the most feasible solution to provide education for large number of students. E-commerce and E-insurance Even though, e-commerce is focusing majorly on business to consumer applications, the prominence has currently shifted towards the business to business applications. The insurance industry is providing a pertinent model that is combining the B2B as well as B2C applications. Moreover the purchasing of online policies is considered being faster, more user-friendly and certainly more secured than the traditional methods (Cavusgil 2014). As a result, online policy purchase is considered being increasingly attractive for the insurer. Similarly, it will be incurring limited expense as well as requiring less number of resources in comparison to the traditional insurance and as a result, is considered being more profitable in respect of the insurance organizations. E-insurance will also be making the insurance process more secured, as because there occurs the storing of the policy details digitally and every transaction occurs through secured channels (Savrul 2014). These channels assist in providing additional penetration of the market, which is not present in traditional channels and assists to earn additional revenue in comparison to the traditional insurance methods. Future media of e-commerce At present, majority of e-commerce occurs through the use of either desktops or laptops. In respect of B2B e-commerce, this is less like to change but in respect of B2C, on the other hand, there will occur more complex aspects. For example, there will be occurring enormous range of relevant media that comprises of interactive digital television and an assortment of mobile as well as wireless services. There will be major difference amongst various customers ownership regarding the accessibility of technologies. While some will be having accessibility of broadband, others will be lacking completely in digital communication (Awa 2015). Moreover, digital media is having the ability for supporting e-commerce that is related to customers that can be grouped under certain major segments such as home PCs, IDTV, utility meters and so on. In short, it can be stated that although the online PC is having a better establishment, there is still occurring the slow but steady emergence of the other B2C digital media (Akter 2016). Raising of the economic concerns by e-commerce regarding the developing countries and the WTO In regard to the WTO, the accessibility to e-commerce is often associated with e-exports that is comprising of two elements requiring sharp distinction such as accessibility to internet services as well as accessibility to services which can be traded electronically. While the former is dealing with the aspect of accessing the infrastructure of internet, the latter is related with particular assurances regarding services that are electronically tradable (Rahimi 2014). E-commerce is offering unique scope for the countries that are considered developing as well as those that are already developed. In the short-run, the profits are supposed to get accumulated in the developed countries having more to benefit (Chaffey 2015). The reason for this is that in the short-run, the developing countries are lacking in the infrastructure that is essential for taking complete advantage of the internet. Regarding many countries, particularly the ones that are developing, majority of the customers are not having computers or accessibility to internet. Therefore, a possible scenario in this regard would be the one where a few independent entrepreneurs will be receiving the product via internet and then will be converting it into the physical form like CDs and will be selling it to the customers (Ngai 2015). However, this procedure might be considered being expensive, which uses resources that are real. But in the longer phase, there is the possibility to skip certa in stages relating to the growth of the information technology through which there is the need for the developed countries to pass. There is the requirement for addressing certain issues related with effectiveness. The issue regarding tariffs that are applicable regarding products whose import occurs in the physical form but not when electronic transmission for the same occurs. As long as, there is lower electronic transmission cost in comparison to the physical delivery, the existence of tariffs regarding the physical delivery will be posing no challenges. In an effective manner, the electronic transmission will be offering the products in respect of the countries at a price that is less in comparison to the one having the availability via physical delivery (Galliers 2013). Challenges concerning E-Commerce Ethical concerns Certain ethical concerns are required to be taken into consideration in relation to e-commerce such as privacy, security issues, as well as other ethical concerns. In respect of privacy, it can be stated that privacy has been and will be continuing to be a major concern in respect of the present as well as probable customers regarding e-commerce. In respect of e-commerce as well as web-interactions, the below mentioned elements are considered being most significant, Privacy that is comprising of not getting interfered with and to possess the power for excluding. It needs to be stated that individual power is considered being a moral right. Privacy is considered being a condition that is sought-after in regard to the aspect of possessing information by other individuals about oneself on the aspect of observing the individual by other individuals (Schultz 2014). Along with the issues related with privacy, there is also the involvement of other ethical concerns with e-commerce. The internet is offering unprecedented accessibility for a huge array of products as well as services. The rapid expansion regarding click and mortar as well as the largely unregulated medium of cyberspace, have on the other hand did the prompting of issues related with privacy as well as security of data (Laudon 2013). Risk perception in encounters regarding e-commerce As the organizations are racing towards digitization of the service methods that are physical-based in respect of repackaging them as online services, it is becoming increasingly significant for understanding in what ways customers are perceiving the alternatives regarding digitized e-service. E-service replacements might be appearing unfamiliar, artificial as well as non-reliable when compared with traditional processes of service processing (Johnson 2017). Customers might be believing that new internet-based methods of processing expose them towards new probable threats associated with the risks of online fraudulence, identification theft, as well as phising defrauds meaning the methods that are associated with the aspect of stealing information that are regarded as confidential by the use of web-sites that are spoofed. This will, as a result, be likely to create fear amongst the customers. Conclusion To conclude, it needs to be stated that e-commerce is creating new business opportunities. It is also creating new scopes regarding education as well as academics. It seems that there is a huge potential in respect of providing education related with e-business. Even though, various organizations, establishments as well as communities have started taking advantage of the potentiality relating to e-commerce, crucial challenges still persist that is required to be prevailed over so that e-commerce can turn out to be an indispensable resource in respect of the common individuals throughout the world. References Akter, S. and Wamba, S.F., 2016. Big data analytics in E-commerce: a systematic review and agenda for future research.Electronic Markets,26(2), pp.173-194. Awa, H.O., Ojiabo, O.U. and Emecheta, B.C., 2015. Integrating TAM, TPB and TOE frameworks and expanding their characteristic constructs for e-commerce adoption by SMEs.Journal of Science Technology Policy Management,6(1), pp.76-94. Bilgihan, A., Okumus, F., Nusair, K. and Bujisic, M., 2014. Online experiences: flow theory, measuring online customer experience in e-commerce and managerial implications for the lodging industry.Information Technology Tourism,14(1), pp.49-71. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chaffey, D., 2015.Digital business and E-commerce management. Pearson Education Limited. Chen, C.P. and Zhang, C.Y., 2014. Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data.Information Sciences,275, pp.314-347. Cunningham, P. and Frschl, F., 2013.Electronic business revolution: opportunities and challenges in the 21st century. Springer Science Business Media. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Johnson, C.E., 2017.Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013.E-commerce. Pearson. Ngai, E.W., Tao, S.S. and Moon, K.K., 2015. Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.33-44. Rahimi, M.R., Ren, J., Liu, C.H., Vasilakos, A.V. and Venkatasubramanian, N., 2014. Mobile cloud computing: A survey, state of art and future directions.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), pp.133-143. Savrul, M., Incekara, A. and Sener, S., 2014. The potential of e-commerce for SMEs in a globalizing business environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.35-45. Schultz, D.E. and Peltier, J., 2013. Social media's slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions.Journal of research in interactive marketing,7(2), pp.86-99. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge.

Religion As A Captor Essays - Dubliners, James Joyce, Dublin

Religion As A Captor A collection of short stories published in 1907, Dubliners, by James Joyce, revolves around the everyday lives of ordinary citizens in Dublin, Ireland (Freidrich 166). According to Joyce himself, his intention was to "write a chapter of the moral history of [his] country and [he] chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to [b]e the centre of paralysis" (Friedrich 166). True to his goal, each of the fifteen stories are tales of disappointment, darkness, captivity, frustration, and flaw. The book is divided into four sections: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life (Levin 159). The structure of the book shows that gradually, citizens become trapped in Dublin society (Stone 140). The stories portray Joyce's feeling that Dublin is the epitome of paralysis and all of the citizens are victims (Levin 159). Although each story from Dubliners is a unique and separate depiction, they all have similarities with each other. In addition, because the first three stories ? The Sisters, An Encounter, and Araby parallel each other in many ways, they can be seen as a set in and of themselves. The purpose of this essay is to explore one particular similarity in order to prove that the childhood stories can be seen as specific section of Dubliners. By examining the characters of Father Flynn in The Sisters, Father Butler in An Encounter, and Mangan's sister in Araby, I will demonstrate that the idea of being held captive by religion is felt by the protagonist of each story. In this paper, I argue that because religion played such a significant role in the lives of the middle class, it was something that many citizens felt was suffocating and from which it was impossible to get away. Each of the three childhood stories uses religion to keep the protagonist captive. In The Sisters, Father Flynn plays an important role in making the narrator feel like a prisoner. Mr. Cotter's comment that "... a young lad [should] run about and play with young lads of his own age..." suggests that the narrator has spent a great deal of time with the priest. Even in death, the boy can not free himself from the presence of Father Flynn (Stone 169) as is illustrated in the following passage: "But the grey face still followed me. It murmured; and I understood that it desired to confess something. I felt my soul receding into some pleasant and vicious region; and there again I found it waiting for me". The boy feels the need to get away from the priest, but this proves to be impossible. When he ran away into his "pleasant and vicious region", the priest was still there?haunting him. In fact, even before the narrator is thoroughly convinced that the priest is dead, he is worried that Father Flynn will haunt him (Stone 169): "In the dark of my room I imagined that I saw again the heavy grey face of the paralytic. I drew the blankets over my head and tried to think of Christmas". These passages convey the idea that the boy was afraid of the priest and felt somewhat freed by his death. This is further proven when the boy, after having seen the card announcing the death of the priest, thinks it "strange that neither [he] nor the day seemed in a mourning mood and [he] even felt annoyed at discovering in [him]self a sensation of freedom as if [he] had been freed from something by [Father Flynn's] death". This feeling of freedom suggests that the boy understood that he was a captive of Father Flynn, and thereby, also a captive of the church. With the Father's death, perhaps the death of his captivity came as well. The idea of religious bondage can be seen in An Encounter by examining the relationship between the boys and Father Butler. When Leo Dillion is caught reading The Apache Chief in class, "everyone's heart palpitated" as Father Butler frowns and looks over the pages. Shortly thereafter, the narrator claims that "[t]his rebuke...paled much of the glory of the Wild West...But when the restraining influence of school was at a distance [he] began to hunger again for wild sensations...". This passage demonstrates the control the church has over the opinions and thoughts of the narrator. In addition, if Father Butler is considered a symbol of the church, the fear felt by the students at the prospect of his disapproval and the freedom they feel when the "restraining influence" of the church was at a distance prove the suffocating

Rural Bank of Suares Essays

Rural Bank of Suares Essays Rural Bank of Suares Essay Rural Bank of Suares Essay Group 2 Rural Bank of Suares Case Synthesis: In a stockholders’ meeting of the Rural Bank of Suares (RBS), Peter Arguelles, the bank general manager, proposed that the bank should open another branch in the capital city. However, the stockholders are reluctant with this motion, given that there are branches of the big banks of Manila and already two rural banks in the city. For more than 20 years, the Rural Bank of Suares struggled financially because of the government’s lending program. Point-of-View: For this case, the point-of-view of the stockholders will be used Statement of the Problem: Should the stockholders follow Peter Arguelles and expand to the capital city or should they not? Areas of consideration: First, the banking industry in the late 1990s can be categorized by three major trends: Deregulation, Technological innovation, and Globalization. These trends combined to induce a consolidation in the industry that knew no borders. The mantra heard in corporate boardrooms and analyst conference calls was â€Å"bigger is better. The rationales for this were largely two-fold. On the operational side, banks believed that only by being larger than the competition could they take full advantage of the economies of scale and economies of scope that the technology revolution was offering. Thus, by getting larger banks could reduce their expense ratios and earn a higher net interest margin. On the marketing side of the business, banks also felt that bigger was better. Deregulatio n in the US and elsewhere had made the buzzwords of relationship banking and cross-selling more than academic musings. To bank executives everywhere, these words represented the keys to winning back some of market share banks had been losing to equity markets and other financial intermediaries. Moreover, buying land and constructing a building for the new branch in the city would be too risky for the company since they are not assured of the success of the said expansion. Furthermore, if the expansion failed, it would be easier for the company to retract since they have no properties to consider. Also the company is not yet financially stable and capable enough to be granted the loan to invest for the properties. The cost of land acquisition, building construction, equipment, and fixtures, which is 10. 5 million Php, is very large compared to its annual net income of only two million Php. Another major point in the analysis of this case is the competition of Rural Bank of Suares which are Manila-based banks the two other rural banks in the capital city. Manila bank branches don’t offer small loans. In that sense, RBS can use this to their advantage and cater to specific the loan market. However, the more pressing problem is that RBS shares this specific target market with other rural banks in the capital city. RBS aims to distinguish itself from competition through better service. On another note, the presence of rural banks in the city signifies that they have a profitable business, which bodes well for RBS planning an expansion. An additional point of consideration is the various types of loans that the Bank of Suares had to offer at the time. We see in Exhibit One that most of their revenue came from agricultural loans, comprising approximately 52% of their total income in 1994, as compared to the 7. 6% and 3% from commercial and industrial loans, respectively. Also from 1994 to 1995, revenue from agricultural loans increased by 4,391,810. 96 Php; it is the one that experienced the highest gain out of all the income generating items, and the only one that actually gained income compared to the other two loans. Revenue from commercial and agricultural loans decreased by 69,026. 10 Php and 50,099. 0 Php respectively during the same time period. Alternative courses of action: One option is to expand the bank within the business centre of the city, but to rent instead, therefore without land acquisition and building construction. This provides the flexibility of exit if the expansion fails. RBS could rent until the stockholders feel that their position in the market is already stable. Another option is to expand the bank with in the city, but to wait until the bank is already financially stable. This is also a safe plan, because the bank has just had its first taste of a good year’s profit. They could wait until they’ve gained more capital. While waiting, they can start devising a plan of expansion. Lastly, there is an option not to expand in the urban areas, but focus on the market in Suares. However, according to Peter Arguelles, the market limit in Suares has been reached already. Decision: We recommend that the stockholders postpone their expansion until the bank becomes more financially stable. In the time they use while waiting, RBS should start drafting their plans of expansion to the capital city. This is considerably safe to business and yet, also progressive.

Law Enforcement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Law Enforcement - Assignment Example tion team, follow-up investigation team, all can make several common mistakes or psychological pitfalls can be there that can result in erroneous criminal investigation. These common error and psychological pitfalls must be known beforehand in order to avoid them while conducting an investigation. After crime detection, the preliminary investigating officer has to conduct a thorough preliminary investigation. In order to investigate, he has to try to locate and identity the perpetrator of the crime. This location and identification requires interviewing of eyewitnesses in order to obtain information from them (Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence, & United States of America, 1999). The first and foremost common error that an investigating officer can make is asking an eyewitness leading questions that can make him or her inform what he/she has not witnessed. The investigating officer should ask open-ended questions from the eyewitnesses and keep them separated if they are more than one, as one’s account can affect the other’s account. Witnesses should be instructed to â€Å"avoid discussing details of the accident with other potential witnesses† (Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence, & United States of America, 1999, p. 16). The inve stigators should allow the eyewitnesses to explain the happening as elaborative as they can and in the description phase, the investigators as interviewers should not interrupt the interviewees or try to redirect them (Day & Marion, 2012). In addition to that, the investigators make another mistake while investigating eyewitnesses. They give unintentional signals with their body language, speaking tone, facial gestures, and other cues to the eyewitnesses that can influence the validity of the eyewitness evidence (Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence, & United States of America, 1999). Day and Marion (2012) inform that any ‘fidgety behavior’ depicted by investigating officer can cause â€Å"fidgety

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review - Essay Example From a brief overview of this book, it is evident that the author has a passion for English Language. The appendices and glossary of the book create a picture of the book contents to the readers. The book also contains citations that tag along translations of the same. In short, the technical aspect of the book highlights the themes the author aims at displaying. Apart from this work, Lerer has worked on many other works including articles and recordings of the development of the English language. The major theme of the book is to trace the development of language as a result of the influence of historical backgrounds and occurrences. In his work, he draws attention to the key moments that led to the development of language. The first stage according to Lerer (pp.56) is the Caedmon era of the 7th Century; he wraps up his language on Christian concepts that shaped the daily living of individuals. These chronicles documented major events that unfold in the day to day living ranging fro m the normal conversations in the localities to language in courts. In his work, Lerer (pp.4) indicates, various forms of language came up including Language that was applicable in the courts. From his argument, it is justified to argue that Lerer (pp.5) indicates that language has had a series of developments till the novel language. Among the quotations include ‘ban’, ‘ham’ and ‘twa’ which Lerer quotes to have evolved to bone, home and two respectively. All culture and people have played a major role in the development of language at all levels in the society. However, he indicates that language development has greatly been influenced by know-how, globalization, war as well as politics. Through the above techniques, people have endeavored to communicate with one another, in turn creation and development of language in the societies. Lerer (pp.28) argues in his work that language is beautiful and will always develop despite the situations or o ccurrences in the society. By virtue of language not being static, he praises the fact that even in times of appalling situations, language has never become futile. It is in light to this argument that language has experienced changes that keep unfolding as each day progresses. In fact, he indicates that at times when the human race experienced its worse times and phases, neither did language diminish nor disappear, but kept flourishing alongside events in the society. Lerer (pp.91) advises individuals not to despond whilst reading the English language. Though at times, the language may prove difficult to read and comprehend, readers of works must take initiatives of acquiring the best information from a certain material. He indicates that his work must not be viewed as a complex structure, but a mere conversation with the person who read his work. This is possible through his simple and understandable writing style, short and comprehensive chapters that display a clear transition f rom the earlier centuries to the present life. Throughout the book, one is bound to have a compulsion of the work though the themes are not quite interrelated in all chapters but dissimilar essays. This work brings to light the meagerness of studying English language. Lerer (pp.41) in turn, offers readers an opportunity to read and understand the language through explanations on the history and development of the language. He brings out propinquity on the changes that took

Your pick of this week's news Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Your pick of this week's news - Assignment Example She taught in various places including at Tufts, New England College and the Bread Loaf Writers’ conference. She was good in memorizing and encouraged her students to follow suit. She did her Bachelor’s degree in history and literature and later masters in comparative literature at Radcliffe. Her career began in the late 1950’s after enrolling at a local poetry-writing workshop where she met Ms Sexton who was very influential in her works. This article carries information about the late Maxine Kumin who was an award-winning author and poet. It breaks the news of her demise as well giving further analysis of her legacy. In support of the ideas presented, the article writer has quoted some of the works that Kumin did and their significance. For example, she uses her poem â€Å"Almost Spring, Driving Home, Reciting Hopkins† to demonstrate that she was a star swimmer. Her other works that the newspaper writer cites include; â€Å"How It Is,† â€Å"Highway Hypothesis,† and â€Å"Homecoming.† However, Fox has also mentioned quite a number of her works. Fox has given some information about her background but lacks adequate information as concerns the career path. There is a missing link of what she was up to in the 1960s, 70s, 80s and 90s. The quality of writing is quite impressive but the quotations have occupied a big chunk of the work. Generally, the information provided is relevant tough it wo uld have been enriched further. Fox, Margalit. Maxine Kumin, Pulitzer-Winning Poet with a Naturalist’s Precision, Dies at 88. The New York Times. Web. 8 Feb 2014.

Notions Of Epistemic Internalism And Externalism Philosophy Essay

Notions Of Epistemic Internalism And Externalism Philosophy Essay Epistemic justification is the basis for both internalism and externalism as they relate to knowledge. Until the onset of the Gettier problems, knowledge had been commonly held as justified true belief, that is, justification added to true belief makes knowledge. However it is more commonly recognized now that there must be another element to the equation. What kind of justification? It is this question that brings forth the notions of epistemic internalism and externalism, and this question which will be critically addressed in this essay. Epistemic internalism refers to justification as an internal matter of various mental states and their relation to knowledge. Internal matter consists of memories, perceptions, reflections, etc., all of which can give rise to justification irrespective of how they relate to the external world. In other words, if you know some premise (p) then you must also know that you know (p), which is the justification of your belief. To be assessed further in this essay, internalism is supported by the related principles of evidentialism, the conclusive justification theory, virtue epistemology, and the deontological conception of epistemic justification. Inversely, epistemic externalism upholds that a decent theory of knowledge should involve a component of external justification, instead of, or in addition to internal justifications. Justification must come from some form of reliable logical process or cognitive faculty, not merely to be inferred by reflection. You can know some premise (p), if and only if your belief that (p) is i. True, and ii. justified. Again, with further investigation of the externalist foundations of reliabilism, the casual theory of knowledge, and the truth tracking condition of belief, epistemic externalism will be examined and evaluated. Internalism is primarily influenced by appealing to evidentialism as premise. Evidentialists, true to their name, require evidence to support the justification of a belief. As aforementioned, this evidence is of an internal nature, meaning, if a person S is internally justified in believing a certain thing, then this may be something he can internally know just by reflecting upon his own state of mind (Chisholm, 1989: 7) Chisholm means that something must be what he calls directly recognizable, or recognizable upon reflection, and on any occasion. When these two qualifications meet, then they, constitute grounds, or reasons, or evidence for thinking that we know [something] (Chisholm, 1977:17). He takes this theory further and separates his justification requirements into accessibility internalism in which justification is recognizable upon reflection, and in terms of the accessibility of the justification, and mental state internalism, which requires that justifiers must be internal to the mind (i.e. mental states or events). These theories extend a constraint over justification, making it necessarily directly recognizable. Matthias Steup gives the equation example, any time at which S holds a justified belief B, S is in a position to know at T that B is justified (Steup, 2001). This means that because S is able to directly recognize B, then T is the time at which direct recognition takes place. This claim, however, is refuted by external justification and will be addressed in the externalist argument to follow. Some support for internalism includes the deontological conception of epistemic justification, which is a concept of epistemic (not ethical) duties which arise in the pursuit of truth (Pappas, 2005). A equation to exemplify this, S is justified in believing P if in believing P, S does not violate any of his epistemic duties or, if in believing P, S does not fail to do what he ought to in the pursuit of truth (Steup, 2001). According to George Pappas, justification is a matter of epistemic duty fulfilment, making what determines justification identical to what determines epistemic duty. Subsequently, if what determines justification and duty is directly recognizable, then justification is directly recognizable (to ones self). Internalists argue that reliable belief formation is neither necessary nor sufficient for justification or knowledge, when added to true belief (unless supported by adequate evidence). Take the example of Descartes most sceptical theory, the Evil Demon argument, in which one cannot be sure of anything but ones own existence, due to the fact that there is no way of knowing whether or not you are being deceived. To prove that reliable belief production is not necessary for justification, internalists appeal to the possibility of deception by this demon. According to the argument, ones beliefs in the normal world would mirror that of the evil world, thus making it impossible to detect deception. However while beliefs in the normal world would be true, beliefs in the evil world would be false and, according to externalism, thus unjustified. According to internalism however, beliefs in the evil world are also supported by adequate evidence (there is no difference as far as your evidence i s concerned) and so are in fact justified. And so, according to internalists, beliefs in the evil demon world, are also usually supported by adequate evidence and are thus justified. Internalists reject the claim that being produced by reliable cognitive faculties is a necessary condition of epistemic justification (Steup, 2001). In the case of externalism it is important to understand the underpinning theories which comprise this epistemic view. Reliabilism as a theory of knowledge does not require justification, but requires truth and a reliable belief formation, for which internal reflection does not suffice. A defender of reliabilism and thus externalism as well, Frede Dretske argues that justification is not a necessary element of knowledge. By asserting that an animal is able to possess knowledge for example and that by acting on inherent beliefs enables it to know something, what additional benefits are conferred by a justification that the beliefs are being produced in some reliable way? If there are no additional benefits, what good is this justification? Why should we insist that no one can have knowledge without it? (Dretske, 1989: 95). Because of some cognitive origin of the animals belief, a reflection based internal justification becomes unnecessary and obsolete. It is however imperative that th e cognitive origin of belief is reliable. Without the reliability constraint the connection between justification and truth becomes too tenuous. Externalists as a whole believe that it is because of the link between justification and truth being so flimsy, that they demand proof of a strong likelihood of truth. This thing (x) which produces or provides reliability to a belief must, yield mostly true beliefs in sufficiently large and varied run of employments in situations of the sorts we typically encounter (Alston, 1993: 9). It is this truth factor of reliability (absent from the internalist requirements for justification) that rules out a system of beliefs perceived to be justified, but which are in fact being produced by an evil demon who creates falsity within our lives. Since the beliefs held in the evil world would not be true, and thus reliable, then they cannot be known. This proof then begs the question, of what use is internal justification if it is the sort that an evil d eceiver may possess. (Steup, 2001). Externalists refute internal justification as valid, a position that does seem to make sense practically. Simply because someone can perceive of something or reflect upon something in their mind, does not necessarily make that thing knowledge. In support of externalism is the premise of the casual belief theory, which suggests that some extra condition must be placed upon justified true belief solely comprising knowledge. This extra condition is held by externalists to be a reliable cognitive process. The truth tracking condition, developed by Robert Nozick in his 1981 work Philosophical Explorations, claims that knowledge must be true belief plus a truth tracking condition, articulated in terms of a subjunctive connection to the world. To summarize, it seems that knowledge is just a foundational concept to which we can apply various theories to provide justification in certain instances. Externalism as a theory recognizes this and instead of requiring justification by mental evidence, instead simply calls for a logical process of understanding which then leads the subject to the attainment of knowledge. Due to the convincing elements of Dretskes assertion about an animals ability to possess knowledge without the ability to reflect upon it, and the two epistemic notions of Descartes evil demon argument, it does seem that externalism is a more plausible theory of knowledge. The ability to know that you know something in your own mind remains unconvincing in terms of knowledge requirements and true belief. Externalists view justification as an evaluative term of appraisal, meaning that it is used to judge the nature of a belief, not to determine whether or not a belief can be knowledge. Internalists on the other hand require justification, but limit this justification to mental processes. It simply seems illogical to suppose that memories, beliefs, and reflection can be requirements for knowledge, when truth and a reliable external reasoning process is a much more valid and solid approach to gaining knowledge.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Fates Triumph Es

Fate's Triumph in Macbeth       Shakespeare a fatalist in Macbeth? It would seem so, given the observation that the Macbeths capitulated totally to the evil suggestions of the witches. We shall clarify the concept of fate in this drama.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants the place of Fate in Macbeth's life:    Then, like a cog slipping naturally into its own notch, his thoughts turn to the Witches and their prophecy, and he concludes that he has defiled his mind for the descendants of Banquo he has murdered the gracious Duncan for them; he has poisoned his own peace of mind and given his immortal soul (eternal jewel) to the devil, the common enemy of man - all this to make the descendants of Banquo kings! Rather than face such an outcome, he challenges Fate to enter the lists with him against Banquo and champion him to the last extremity, even though that extremity be death itself. (57)    Macbeth: "If Chance would have me king, why, Chance may crown me without my stir." A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy references Fate in the play to the Witches' prophecies:    The words of the witches are fatal to the hero only because there is in him something which leaps into light at the sound of them; but they are at the same time the witness of forces which never cease to work in the world around him, and, on the instant of his surrender to them, entangle him inextricably in the web of Fate. (320)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye stresses the connection between the witches and fate:    The successful ruler is a combination of nature and fortune, de jure and de facto power. He steers his course by the tiller of an immediate past and by... ...uin Books, 1991.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare's Four Giants. Rindge, NH: Richard R. Smith Publisher, Inc., 1957.    Coursen, H. R. Macbeth: a Guide to the Play. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1997.    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

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The cost totaled seven lives and millions of dollars. The disaster could have been subverted, however, if o only the several mechanical engineers that had noticed an issue with the rings had stepped f award, despite administrative pressure to continue with the launch, and brought public eaten Zion to the problem. A multitude of other such disarticulated of civic structures, technologies such as cars and trains, and even the batteries of computers and phones, capable of causing harmful explosions, all constitute infringements of people's basic right to life, and thus presents a leg l and ethical dilemma.All engineers possess two at least two democratically knowledge of standard design processes and requirements, and the capacity to apply their knowledge toward dos the creation of novel technologies and innovations. These two things qualify as intellectual pr property, which is an intangible item that is secured via the powers of reasoning of an individual (AH in 50).While some enginee rs, such as professional engineers, are credited for their intellectual pr property, it is essential that all engineers credited thusly, even at the cost Of their employer, as it pro totes their autonomy 2 and therefore creativity, lowers cost of procuring professional engineers to SE al and approve projects , and finally, holds engineers to the highest standard of ethical profess Somalis by exposing the promulgators of shoddy engineering to the scrutiny of the world at large. Companies, when hiring engineers to create technologies, often pressure the SE potential hires into signing binding agreements.These contracts force innovators to forfeit al I of their intellectual and creative output to companies. As Keith Warren, a licensed Professional E ginger, states, a technology company could take the rights Of an invention Of a â€Å"baa rubber sauce† if it so suits them (Warren). Some would argue that this provides complete owner ship provides incentive to companies allow emplo yees more creative license. The company can profit from any and all of their employee' ideas either selling the patent or investing in the † barbeques† productive capabilities it follows that they give more freedom to their novo dative members.Also, as Keith Warren, states, all clients and employers of engineers provide t he engineers with sources to conduct research, so it would seem reasonable that engineers o offer in exchange the profit to be made of of their ideas and technologies (Warren). Engineers been fit in that they are not required to go through an intensive eightieth licensing process to become e professional engineers (who are indeed held personally responsible for any flaw in their w ark, but not for an innovation), as the company will be held responsible for a problem that went unrecognized by an employee.Finally, this discourages individuals from patenting or otherwise CLC aiming ideas that hey lack the capabilities to fabricate it. This, as Koch States, causes an sills_Jew for companies and even other engineers by obligating them to verify the originality of their prod cut periodically throughout the design process using costly search engines, and even prevent Eng some technologies 3 from being commercially available, as they have been patented by small indeed pendent's that refuse to yield their rights to the idea (327). Coercing creative engineers to remain silent about their ideas can stifle create pity and even hinder the process of innovation.On a individual level, the engineer receives I title to no credit for their contributions (Warren). While, as multiple ethical codes attest, engineers should be first accountable for actions that can impact public willingness as approval of t he commercial readiness of a technology, the recognition of their intellectual property should also apply to their own innovations and inventions (â€Å"Code of Ethics†). Enabling creators to claim t heir ideas incentives the creation of trul y original products, for instance, the Apple com putter, the telescope, all created by individuals unattached to large firms.Breakthrough technologies often require extensive resources that sleepyhead individuals are unable to procure, so e engineers currently have two possessively an innovative design, patent it, and by default via pop assessing such legal power, hinder its production and benefit to society by firms with the resource s; or become employed by a firm, attempting to create and fabricate such innovations while e remaining constricted by the firm's own main objectives and directives (Koch 327).Further remorse, firms often keep breakthrough tech oenology a secret for a while, seeking a release time that will bring the most commercial gain due to market price level and other factors. This halts the pr ogress of technology. If instead engineers retained some creative rights to their products, while firm s with the resources hold reproductive rights, a mutually beneficial p artnership is available that en abeles maximum freedom for both parties. Firms are not constrained by a patent to the individual al, and engineers can produce intellectual property at will.The immediate profit of companies is not diminished. Corporate loss will occur only in the advanced autonomy of the engineer rest ensemble for 4 highhanded products, and possible competitive bids from other companies t o take on such a dynamic employee. This loss is overridden by the enhanced ability of corporate e entities to recognize such individuals and seek them for projects, and the government to employ such individuals for public projects that demand acuity in refining structures that c loud affect public welfare.The law mandates that companies must obtain the approval of a Professional Engineer for any of their engineer and design projects in order for the project to become e eligible for rejection. (Warren). This sealing involves a PEP reviewing the designs, calculate ions, and technologi es created by unlicensed engineers employed by an industrial .NET TTY.Because the majority of engineers that work for such entities are unlicensed, they are not r jugulate by the National Society of Engineers and state law to be held personally accountable for their evaluations of a work, and have not undergone the rigorous training for licenser (Warren , â€Å"Ethical Codes†). Thus, federal legislation mandates that a PEP check over a technology before it is released. This is a costly practice, and could easily be foregone if all engineers were required to obtain at least basal licenser via a less vigorous process than PEP, but nonetheless remain regular De by a national organization such as NSP.Finally, engineers should be directly credited for their intellectual OUtPUt in AP proving or disapproving civil projects. This prevents shoddy work from engineers employ De by large companies, that today have little to lose, blanketed by anonymity as they are underneath a large firm 's name, for small mistakes such the matter of a small ring deficiency, the t might build to a large and pervasive civil problem (Warren). Many engineers must battle with conflicting interesting allegiance to the public good and their melodramatically whew n bound by 5 agreements that prohibit their divergence in opinion from a company.Some ethical codes acknowledge this conflict, such as that Of the National Society Of Professional Engineers (â€Å"Code of Ethics†). However, ethical codes themselves, while meant to clarify a course o f action to take when such conflicts occur, often themselves conflict (Eligible and Davis 7 This dilemma is solved if companies cannot take direct credit for an engineer's work, and en gingers intellectual property is in turn attributed to the engineer in question.Companies still poss. sees ownership of the idea of having the sole right to produce it within a fixed number of years, but acknowledge and even provide royalties to the creator of the technology. Litton Engineering, a f roomer workplace of Keith Warren's, exemplifies this concept by providing ample royalties and eve n the ability to patent intellectual property to their employees (Warren). The Challenger Disc steer occurred after an engineer, appealing to an administrator with qualms concerning the rings, w as told to â€Å"think like a manager, not an engineer (Eligible and Heinz 4).The engineer was a c annotator with NASA, instead of a PEP that would be held to scrutiny by the NAPES and the pull ICC for the oversight. Thus, no careers were necessarily imperiled by the disaster (Ware n). Notable failures of civic architecture such as bridge collapse can have be prevented if engineer's careers are stake, instead of company's stock, which can recover more easily. The lack of some r ejaculating agency ND formalized code of ethics in those days could be partially attributed for the see problems (Christie 98).It is thereby essential that some national agency, with a universal code of teeth CSS, regulate all registered and therefore employable engineers. By having a public and private e profile that promotes interest in innovation and accountability, engineers can benefit fro m recognition that they accrue through sound ethical and innovative practice, while being penal zed for malpractice. 6 The conflicting allegiances that engineers often face, to their sponsor, client o r company, and to heir own interior moral compass, will be eliminated, as the company is oblige Ted to maintain an open profile of all works.

sedimentary rocks essays

sedimentary rocks essays Silicon and oxygen, the two most common chemical elements in the Earth's crust, combine as silicon dioxide to form the mineral quartz. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, are Rocks that are formed by the compaction of sediments or by the crystallization of the dissolved minerals. Quartz is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Quartz has been found in meteorites and in some rocks collected on the moon. Quartz has the chemical formula SiO2. There are many varieties of quartz, which occurs in nearly all types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is an essential mineral in granites, granodiorites and rhyolites. Metamorphism of quartz-bearing igneous and sedimentary rocks typically increases the amount of quartz and its grain size. Quartz is very resistant to weathering and, therefore, concentrates as sandstones and other detrital rocks. Most sands are weathered fragments of quartz. Sandstone and quartzite are the same materials that are re-lithified (compressed into rock). Quartz has many commercial applications. In science and industry, quartz sand is used for manufacturing sandpaper and other abrasives, polishing powders and soaps. It is used to make building materials, heat-resistant materials known as refractories and for the bearings of precision instruments. Quartz sand is also used in the manufacture of porcelain, glass and metal casting molds. Precision-cut plates of quartz are used for frequency control in radios, TVs, clocks and watches. Compositionally, quartz is usually quite pure, with only traces of other elements like aluminum, sodium, potassium and lithium. Quartz is found as large crystals that are often beautifully colored by impurities. The many varieties of quartz are due to formation of different geometric arrangements of its tetrahedral crystals. This accounts for different crystal structures, and, therefore, different physical properties. ...

101 Pathos and Fallacies Professor Ramos Blog

101 Pathos and Fallacies Four Strategies Quick Write Argument prompt 4 Ways to Persuade with Emotion (Pathos) Four Strategies Concrete Examples Connotative Diction Metaphors and Similes Tone Appeals to pathos target the link between audience members and their values. When we act on our values, we experience emotions like happiness, pride, satisfaction, etc. When we do not, we often feel shame, fear, or anger. The same goes for the actions of people around us: we are often pleased when the actions of people around us align with our values and angry when they don’t. Persuasion: Emotion Handout Appeals to Emotions Images can be used to instill an emotional response in the audience. Even implied images in text can be very emotionally powerful. A description of blood stained clothes draws certain emotions in a reader. Lawyers know how important visuals can be. They dress their defendants in suits and ties to make them seem more credible. Types of emotional appeals: appeal to pity appeal to fear appeal to self-interest Sexual bandwagon humor celebrity testimonials identity prejudice lifestyle stereotypes patriotic Would you persuade, speak of Interest, not Reason. – Benjamin Franklin Images as Arguments Images can be used to help us see the argument that the author is intending. They can be used to lower our skepticism, visual proof of something that happened. This is problematic nowadays with the popularity of programs such as Photoshop, where images can be changed or manipulated. Now more than ever, we have to be weary of taking images at face value. We have to critically think about images and their intended effect. Three basic questions we can ask. Who produced the image? Who distributed the image? Who consumed the image? If you think that pictures will help you make the point you are arguing, include them with captions explaining their sources and relevance. Persuasive Techniques in Advertising This is a great video that shows how pathos, logos, and ethos are used in advertising. Duration 8:28 Persuasive Techniques in Advertising Quick Write Fallacy Definition a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument. a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. faulty reasoning; misleading or unsound argument. We will be talking about fallacies today. These are general definitions of a fallacy. In your own words, what is a fallacy? What fallacies have you heard of? Intro to Fallacies Fallacies are connected to the different appeals: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. Remember, Ethos is appeals to credibility or character Logos is appeals to logic and reason Pathos is appeals to feelings or emotions. Appealing to ethos or pathos is not in itself a fallacy, only appealing to them or using them unethically is.  Here is an example of a fallacy used to persuade. Why do we say this is a fallacy? Key Terms Argument: A conclusion together with the premises that support it. Premise: A reason offered as support for another claim. Conclusion: A claim that is supported by a premise. Valid: An argument whose premises genuinely support its conclusion. Unsound: An argument that has at least one false premise. Fallacy:  An argument that relies upon faulty reasoning. Booby-trap: An argument that, while not a fallacy itself, might lead an inattentive reader to commit a fallacy. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Fallacies This is a great resource for further reading on fallacies and how they are  not so simple. The article  lists 223 of the most common fallacies. I do not expect you to know them all or to never use any. Fallacies are controversial. We appreciate logic and honesty in Western rhetorical thinking and that is at odds with many fallacies. Fallacies are not necessarily wrong, they work very well and are very good at persuading people. Fallacies are considered unethical and so we try to avoid them. They are thought of as flaws in thought, tricks, and sneaky uses of persuasion to convince others.

Is Sharon an intellectual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Sharon an intellectual - Essay Example Although some authors like Joshua Lambert (2009) claim that Sharon is ignorant and thoughtless, this paper proves otherwise by presenting some examples in the novel itself. Sharon, charming and cheerful, tries to discover her religious identity. After Boston University kicked her out, she decided to go after Gary, her partner in folk dancing. But prior to these events Sharon was already in a journey for meaning. Once in Oregon, her world became miserable. She worked as a servant in a hotel. When Gary realized that Honolulu, Berkeley, and Oregon were not suitable places for his cause, he left Sharon to go to Fiji with a wealthy German lady. Over the next few years, Sharon meanders from one blinded and despondent life to another in a clumsy pursuit for her spiritual being and for God. In a characteristic prose, Goodman develops a general portrayal of society by contrasting her female protagonist against a broad chain of people, cultures, and institutions. She presents a remarkable image of the forgotten generation of hippies in the 1970s, both the fervent, intense splendor with which they planned to reconstruct the world and meaningless despair provoked by rejecting an established relationship after another (Wirth-Nesher 2003). In fact, Goodman ridicules the ignorance and self-centeredness of that period’s idealism with exceptional intelligence. Sharon has various divine manifestations, all narrated with tons of exclamation points. Indeed, the voice and experiences of Sharon embodies the thoughts of Goodman. Hence, if Goodman is intelligent then Sharon is too. The thoughts of Sharon, throughout the seventeen years of her life, come to crash less with the boundaries of religious beliefs and institutions and more with the confines of her own unawareness. Sharon is a personification of unusual intelligence. She did not want to know that the obvious weakness of the real world to react appropriately is not the world’s mistake, but instead an

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 18

Marketing - Essay Example The disparity between international marketing and domestic marketing lies in the global markets complexity and multidimensionality. An international manager requires understanding of such complexities and the allegations they have regarding international marketing. When an organization moves from domestic to global market, different international strategies needs to be approached for getting an idea of the international marketplace. International companies such as Coca Cola, Gillette practices international marketing (Eid and Trueman, 2004). International marketing serves to be a good opportunity for the organizations to expand its business and make profits through overseas business. International competition comes with global cooperation. Organizations in order to establish business in foreign countries make greater efforts to understand cultures of those countries to develop strategies for success. Internationalization is affecting the interdependence of every country and makes att empts to promote global cooperation (Furrer, Liu and Sudharshan, 2000). The aim of the study is to understand the notion of international marketing and the environmental factors that favour the development of various international strategies. The strategies that indicate culture and its appreciation serves as a tool to ensure marketing success, will also be analysed in details. Evaluation of the environmental factors is crucial in developing international marketing strategies. An international manager requires a deep knowledge of the complexities of the environment and its implications in the international marketing environment. International marketing strategies takes into factors such as legal, economic, political and technological for gaining business efficiency (Eid and Trueman, 2004). Legal environment varies in both perspective and in elucidation. An organization besides being bound by its home country laws is also bound by the

Creative Homiletics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creative Homiletics - Term Paper Example It is a calling that is considered to be the most important one since it outdoes all the other earthly responsibilities. It is a sacred undertaking as it involves proclaiming the word of God to other people. There are certain goals that preachers usually have concerning the members of their congregation. One of them is to see individuals being transformed into the image of God. This is mainly because the teachings from the bible have rules and regulations that were written down by those who were inspired by God. In short it means that it is God himself who wrote the Bible. This therefore, gives a clear impression that those who follow the rules in the Bible are like God. The other goal is to make sure that the listeners may end up obtaining wisdom that during the end times they may be presented perfect in the eyes of God. The teachings in the bible aim at molding individuals to make them live holy lives so that they can avoid hell in the second coming of Jesus. The preachers in this case, are used as vessels of the Lord to make sure that they proclaim the news to people so that individuals may prepare themselves for the second coming of Jesus, to go to heaven with Him. To lead people and to save them from hell is another goal that preachers have for their members. Teachings in the bible discourage practicing things that are not pleasing to the eyes of the Lord. This means that God intends his people to live holy lives and He uses preachers as messengers so that they can pass on this message to the entire world. The listeners are expected to follow the teachings they are offered for them to avoid hell and live eternally with Jesus after his second coming. In the current society, there are individuals who still do not understand the meaning of bible teachings. In such cases, preachers are expected to make them do away with the wrong mentality of bible teachings. To make this possible, preachers have to do away with the wrong motives for preaching so that they can be effective. Some of the wrong motives for preaching include: 1. Not for a profession. 2. Not because of possession of good speaking skills. 3. Not to make cash. 4. Not to be given the praise of man. 5. Not to have it because it is an honorable position. 6. Not to be like somebody else. 7. Not to cut somebody up. There are various ways of undertaking the homiletic process in that there are various ways in which a preacher has to preach. This means that it is not an option but preachers have to follow these procedures. Preachers do not convey their religious messages with their own wisdom but with the power of God. Preachers are guided by the Holy Spirit to convey messages direct from God and not what they think the message should be. Here they usually speak in the common language of man and not with enticing words. They do not use enticing words because they do not aim at making the listeners believe what they come up with but what they are directed to preach. Homilists usually de liver sermons a guided by the Holy Spirit. This means they convey information as delivered to them by the Spirit of the Lord and that is why they are referred to as the vessels of God. During their times of preaching, this homiletics practice can result to success and at times it may result to death. The reason behind this is that there are times where the congregation conquers with the message being delivered and there are times wh

The Manipulation of History Essay Example for Free

The Manipulation of History Essay By looking at the past we are presented with conditions of possibility which makes the past constitutive of the present. Such an act involves the individual’s consideration of culture’s role in the authentication of specific memories. Memories emerge spontaneously from people’s stories about their nations. Culture, on the other hand, chooses specific stories which it legitimizes with objectivity by attaching to it the term history. Story lines emerge continually from man’s consciousness however culture with its demands for social order and progress denounces the memories of common people and relegates the task of remembering to the institutions within the public sphere. Such an act leads to the repression and later on the elimination of the peoples desires to tell their own stories. Due to culture’s capability to make memories dissipate from people’s minds while reimbursing it with its own notions of truth, people tend to forget that the accounts of the events given to them may not necessarily be the truth rather they are just one of the several accounts of an event. This shows culture’s power to control the circulation and exchange of ideas society. Furthermore, this shows us that â€Å"truth is a thing of this world†¦produced by multiple forms of constraint and regular effects of power† (Schmidt and Warenberg 288). Historiography, in this sense, only presents us with events which are in accordance with the ideology of the group who is in power. Within this perspective it is interesting to consider how this is apparent in the works discussing a particular event in history. In line with this, this paper’s task is two-fold. First, it aims to present the different accounts regarding a particular historical event. Second, it aims to present an analysis of how these accounts provide an interpretation of an event which manifests the perspective of the individual who discusses the event.   For the sake of brevity, the focus of the paper will be on the Nanjing Massacre as it is presented and interpreted by Iris Chang in The Rape of Nanking and Honda Katsuichi in The Nanjing Massacre. The event known as the 1937-1938 Nanjing Massacre became one of the most reported events by both the Western and Chinese press during the war as it became a major case at the military tribunals in Tokyo and Nanjing after Japan’s surrender. At the end of both trials, the verdict for both the Tokyo trial and the Nanjing trial was the same. The tribunal led to the execution of five Japanese officers who were found guilty for either participating in the said massacre or failing to apprehend the said massacre. The difference between both trials merely lies in the death toll recorded in the former trial. The Tokyo trial of the Nanjing Massacre claims that the aforementioned verdict stands as a result of the occurrence of organized murder, random killings and rape, looting and destruction of the Japanese troops in Nanjing during a six week period on the Winter of 1937-1938 which led to the death of over 200,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war as well as the occurrence of 20,000 cases of rape (Pritchard and Zaide 49604-08). The Nanjing trial claims the same things however it states that as opposed to the 200,000 death toll specified in the Japan trial, the death toll reached 300,000 (Second 603-12). In the years that followed the Nanjing Massacre, the information specified on both trials became the springboard for the construction of accounts that presented claims and counter-claims regarding the Nanjing Massacre. Different accounts have circulated regarding the event wherein some accounts affirm the occurrence of the said event whereas others deny its occurrence. One of the most recognized accounts that affirm the occurrence of the Nanjing Massacre is Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanjing. Iris Chang (1997), an American journalist of Chinese ancestry, wrote the first non-fiction account in a Western language of the Nanjing Massacre in her book The Rape of Nanjing. Within the text, Chang claims that the Nanjing Massacre stands as the East’s equivalent of the West’s Holocaust of the Jews in Europe as both events represent the most heinous cases of violence in recorded history. Chang’s subtitle The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II emphasizes this claim in the aforementioned text. In the introduction of the text, she states, Just as Hitler’s Germany would do half a decade later, Japan used a highly developed military machine and a master-race mentality to set about establishing its right to rule its neighbors†¦marked by countless incidents of almost indescribable ruthlessness†¦ One event can be held up as an example of the unmitigated evil lying just below the surface of unbridled military adventurism, that moment is the Rape of Nanking. (Chang 3-4) As can be seen above, the beginning of Chang’s text may be seen to present the reader with a fixed moral judgment regarding the events that occurred in Nanjing. This moral judgment considers the event in Nanjing as an act of evil. It is important to note however that although, a moral judgment has already been specified in the initial part of the text, Chang clarifies in the later part of the book’s introduction that this judgment does not necessarily aim to establish â€Å"a quantitative record to qualify the event as one of the great evil deeds of history, but (it aims) to understand the event so that lessons can be learned and warnings sounded† (5). The lesson which Chang hopes to be learned from her work refers to the necessity to prevent a â€Å"deliberate attempt†¦to distort history† which she perceives to be evident in Japan’s refusal to recognize the Nanjing Massacre (13). In addition to this, Chang perceives her book as her â€Å"attempt to rescue (the) victims from the degradation by Japanese revisionists and to provide†¦ (her) own epitaph for the hundreds upon thousands of unmarked graves in Nanking† (220). As a text classified within the non-fiction genre, the significance of Chang’s work lies in its presentation of the events in Nanking through the accounts of those who experienced and survived the Nanjing Massacre. It is important to note that Chang was a granddaughter of one of those individuals who escaped Nanjing as Japanese soldiers arrived in the land. Chan’s family thereby stands as one of those who were directly affected by the war since it has forced them not only to leave their homeland but to create new roots in the United States. Within this context, one may argue that Chang’s interpretation of the event may be seen as a result of her attempt not only to remind individuals of the effects of instances wherein they are freed from moral restraints but also as her attempt to recapture her roots and her history. It within this context, that one may understand Chang’s comparison of the Nanjing Massacre to the Holocaust of the Jews. Chang’s comparison of the Nanjing Massacre to the Holocaust of the Jews may seem farfetched since the death toll as well as the duration of the Nanjing Massacre is miniscule in comparison to that of the Holocaust however the comparison may be significant in terms of the politicization or the symbolic use of both the Nanjing Massacre and the Holocaust by its perpetrators since both events served as a symbol of the brutal character of their perpetrators in such a way that the Nanjing Massacre served to symbolize the military aggression of the Japanese army during that time. Chang’s aforementioned text has been continuously questioned. The Japanese publishing company, Kashiwashobo Publishing Company, for example, considers the text to be â€Å"based on prejudice and misconceptions (as a result of) its author’s basic attitude† (1). In the 20 May 1999 press release given by the Kashiwobo Press after its cancellation of the Japanese version of Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking, Kashiwashobo Press states, We must provide good history books on the War in order to learn from the past and to avoid the same kind of tragedies in the future. But this publisher also believes that we are responsible for publishing qualified books for the good of the public†¦The fundamental cause of the termination of the contract is the original work, which†¦due to its errors and inaccuracies, The Rape of Nanking has contributed to reviving deniers of the Nanking atrocities in Japan by giving them bullets to challenge the historical event. (1-2) One of the errors of Chang’s text lies in stating that there are no Japanese texts which have recognized the occurrence of the Nanjing Massacre. Such texts however exist. One of these texts which was published prior to the publication of Chang’s text is Honda Katsuichi’s The Nanjing Massacre. In the introduction of the Honda Katsuichi’s The Nanjing Massacre, Katsuichi’s states, I wrote this book not as a means of apologizing to China but as a means of revealing the truth to the Japanese people. Having been a child at the time, I bear no responsibility for the actual massacre, but as a Japanese journalist, I bear some responsibility for leaving the story unreported for such a long time†¦I hope that that the mere fact of my reportage being widely read overseas will serve as gaiatsu and will bring about a change in the disgraceful anti-internationalist behavior of the Japanese government and the conservative forces. (xxvi-vii) From the very beginning of the text, one sees a difference between Katsuichi’s approach to the Nanjing massacre as opposed to Chang’s approach to the said event. Although both individuals are journalists and both of their works do not use sophisticated methodology in order to support their accounts within their texts, one notes that Katsuichi’s goal is for the redemption of the Japanese people. As the subtitle of the work states, Katsuichi’s text aims to ‘confront Japan’s national shame’. This shame may be seen to be a result of the following factors: (1) The Japanese government’s refusal to recognize the Nanjing Massacre and (2) The Japanese people’s inability to recognize the veracity of this event as a result of the Japanese government’s refusal to recognize the aforementioned event. For Katsuichi, retelling the event may enable the enlightenment of the Japanese people which may further enable the Japanese peoples’ recognition of the necessity to change the framework of their government. Katsuichi’s aim in retelling the events of the Nanjing Massacre is for the occurrence of an ideological revolution within the country. Such an aim was supported by his factual reportage of the events within his work. Within Katsuichi’s The Nanjing Massacre, for example, one notes that the Japanese atrocities would not have been prevented even if the Chinese surrendered peacefully since the Japanese troops were already committing atrocious acts along their way to Nanjing. In addition to this, one notes that the Japanese did not find the act of murdering Chinese as an immoral act since they have long considered the Chinese to be inferior entities. Furthermore, as the book progresses, one also notes that the Japanese did not recognize the regulations set within the International Safety Zone as the Safety Zone was continuously entered by the Japanese troops. Katsuichi’s text, in this sense, affirmed the occurrence of the Nanjing Massacre. What makes his text and his account distinct from Chang’s is the perspective from which he perceives the event. One may state that Chang’s highly graphic portrayal of the events in Nanjing as well as her misguided notion that the Japanese failed to present an account of the event may be seen as a result of her position as a victim of the Nanjing Massacre. As was stated in the aforementioned discussion, Chang’s family stands as a survivor of the Nanjing Massacre. As opposed to this, Katsuichi’s more objective portrayal of the evident may be seen as a result of his position an heir to the Japanese people who have committed the aforementioned evident. Within this context, one may state that an author or speakers interpretation of a historical event is affected by his position in relation to the occurrence of the event. If the author or speaker stands in line with the perpetrators of the event, he may either present an account which aims to defend the people who committed the atrocities or he may present an account which aims to sanctify the people who committed those atrocities or to sanctify the succeeding generations affected by the stain of those who committed atrocious actions. If however the author or speaker stands in line with the victims of the event, he may either present an account which aims to commemorate the victims or he may present an account which aims to further vilify the perpetrators of the crime. Given these two accounts of an event from two different perspectives, the goal of the reader does not merely lie in considering whether an account presents the truth or not but to consider that as history is necessarily a nihilation and hence one cannot accurately determine one account as to comprise the totality of what transpired, hence the purpose of a supposed event is to be open to interpretations. Works Cited Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II.   New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Gibney, Frank, ed. â€Å"Editor’s Introduction.† The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame.   By Honda Katsuichi. Trans. Karen Sandness. New York: East Gate Book, 1999. Kashiwashobo Press. Kashiwashobo Press Release about the Cancellation of the Japanese Version of Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking. 20 May 1999. Katsuichi, Honda. The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame.   Ed. Frank Gibney. Trans. Karen Sandness. New York: East Gate Book, 1999. Pritchard, John and Sonia Zaide, eds. International Military Tribunal for the Far East: Tokyo War Crimes Trial. 22 vols. New York: Edwin Mellen P., 1998. Schmidt, James and Thomas Warenberg. â€Å"Foucault’s Enlightenment: Critique, Revolution, and the Fashion of the Self.† Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate. Cambridge: MIT P., 1994. Second Archives of China et, al. Archival Materials on the Nanjing Massacre by the Invading Japanese Troops. Nanjing: Np, 1987.